September 11th, 1683
325 Council of Nicea employs Greek philosophical term homoousios to resolve Arian crisis
Rivalry between Alexandrian and Antiochian schools grows in political fervor
410 Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon adopts Syrian Nicene Creed and organizes Persian Church
431 Council of Ephesus dogmatizes title “Mother of God” (Theotokos) – victory to Alexandrian school
-Nestorios is banished and seeks refuge among the Persian Christian whose Christology follows the Syrian and Antiochian schools
431-1300 -Persian/Assyrian Church expands to the east as far as Japan
451 Council of Chalcedon – dogmatizes St. Leo’s tome which favors Antiochian school
Eastern Christendom fractured between three warring parties: Chalcedonians (Eastern Orthodox), Miaphysites (Oriental/Coptic) and Dyophysites (“Assyrian”).
451-680 Roman Emperor at New Rome (Constantinople) attempts unity through 1). brutal violent suppression or 2). ambiguous doctrinal compromises, all of which fail and produce terrible results.
543 Plague of Justinian understood by saints as wrath of God
553 Three Chapters Earthquake damages Hagia Sophia – even Justinian calls everyone to repent
565 Justinian dies – last great Roman Emperor
603 Persian invasions begin – contemporaries understand it as God’s wrath against sin, including Persian King receiving a dream to invade and punish “men of violence” in Alexandria
614 holy cross is taken – given to Dyophysites in Persia
Roman Emperor Herakleios (Heraclius) supports monoenergeism, then Monothelitism attempting to unite, instead of Rome
615-619 All Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya and Carthage taken by Persia
621-629 Crusade of Herakleios – mounts religious war against Persia to retrieve Holy Cross
622 Hijra – Arab false prophet Muhammad begins his theocratic conquest at Medina
626 Avars and Slavs with Persian support besiege New Rome – Patriarch Sergios processes with ikon of Theotokos to save the city
-Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos and hymn “To Thee the Champion Leader”
629 Restoration of the Holy Cross – miracle forces Herakleios must remove his regalia to bring cross back
Herakleios takes the Persian title “King of Kings” and also assumes the title “Basileus” (king)
632 Monoenergism ambiguous doctrinal union signed attempting to unite warring parties of eastern Empire
June 8 Abu Bakr the first Khalif of the “Rightly Guided Khalifs” (Rashidun) – Muhammad conquests begin, swiftly conquering eastern Roman and Persian territory
-All Christians view the Muhammadan conquest as God’s wrath against sin. St. Sophronios: “The godless Saracens entered the holy city of Christ our Lord, Jerusalem, with the permission of God and in punishment for our negligence, which is considerable, and immediately proceeded in haste to the place which is called the Capitol.”
-Some of the three warring parties side with the Muhammadans against the other Christians, aiding the conquest
632-661 Rashidun Muhammadan conquest – most of the eastern Roman Empire and Persia are conquered and subjected to Muhammadanism or dhimmitude
635 Pope Honorius fails to condemn monoenergism
641 Death of Herakleios
661-750 Umayyad Khalifate conquests – North Africa, Spain and Southern France are conquered
674-678 Seige of New Rome by Umayyad
-Mary as Strategos – procession of her veil saves the city
711 Image of St. Luke from St. Gregory/ St. Leander is buried near Guadalupe River, Spain
717-718 Siege of New Rome saved by Theotokos on the eve of the Annunciation
722 Spanish Christians unite under Our Lady of Covadanga in first battle of the Reconquista
711-1492 Reconquista
732 Charles Martel Battle of Poitiers (Tours) stops Muhammadan advance further into France
750-1258 Abbasid Khalifate – Persian influence helps grow Mutazilite movement passing down Greek philosophy
778 Expulsion of Muhammadans from France
-Muhammadan convert takes name “Lorus” from which Lourdes is named
846 Walls of Rome built to protect against Muhammadan raids
900s Martyrs of Córdoba, Spain
-Muhammadans launch counter attack in Spain and the east, regaining territory
1022 Albegensian heresy, following Muhammadan and Jewish influence begins to spread in southern France
1037 Death of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) who used Greek philosophy
1054 Pope excommunicates Patriarch of New Rome and vice versa (this is not “the Great Schism” but merely the common dating thereof)
1071 Manzikert – Muhammadan conquests gain territory in the east
1086 al-Moravid counter-Reconquista – regaining Spanish territory
1095 New Rome calls for aid from Latin west – Blessed Urban calls for crusade in east and west to counter Muhammadans
-Angelus instituted to invoke Mary over crusades at Clermont
1099 First Crusade retakes Jerusalem
1099-1492 Eastern crusade fails for lack of men, unity, and piety (especially between Latin and Greek Christians)
-Western Crusades (Spain and Albegensian) succeeds with enough men, unity and piety – Europe unite in pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela, one of the patrons (with our Lady) of the western crusade
1111 Death of al-Ghazali, “Greatest Muhammadan since Muhammad” (Watt) who “refutes” Greek philosophy in favor of voluntarism
-Writes that Muhammadans must regularly wage Jihad against the infidels in order to establish Sharia (Kitab al-Wagiz Fii fiqh)
1158 Muhammad Fatima converts and marries Spanish crusader. Town of Fatima later founded in her honor
1198 Death of Averroes (Ibn Rushd) who failed to overcome al-Ghazali in favor of Greek philosophy. Muhammadans burn his books in Cordoba. The death of any rational philosophy among the Muhammadans. However, through Averroes Aristotle is brought to the west.
1204 Latin sack of New Rome during Fourth Crusade
-Greek and Latin animosity worsened through fratricidal blood
1207 Albegensian crusade against 1000 cities
-Rosary given to St. Dominic and conversions from heresy multiply
1212 Alfonso VIII begins greater Marian devotion in Battle causing Reconquista to pick up speed
-Las Navas de Tolosa permanently cripples al-Andalus
1213 Parish of our Lady of the Rosary founded in Souther France
1245 Albert the Great meets Aristotle at Paris via Averroes (ibn Rushd)
1258 Mongul sack of Baghdad, end of Abassid Khalifate power
1274 St. Bonaventure helps unite Greeks and Latins at Council of Lyons. Greek unionists (such as Patriarch of New Rome John Bekkos), however, are suppressed and union does not last
-Death of St. Thomas Aquinas. Cites Averroes (“the commentator”) as recognized authority
1277 Averroist irrational “double truth” errors condemned by bishop of Paris
-The “Beginning of Science”
1295-1320 Mongols’ conquest empire stretches across Asia, refuse to covert to Christianity and adopt Muhammadanism
-Reconciliation with Rome and crusade against Mongols never lasts
-Persian Church at its height (30 metropolitan bishops and 700 suffragan dioceses) is almost completely wiped out by wholesale massacres
1302 Last of Crusader state – Ott empire founded
1326 Miraculous finding of St. Luke’s image at Guadalupe Extremadura
1340 Battle of Rio Salado – decisive victory of Reconquista
Popes launched three successful short term crusades against Muhammadans in the east
-Yet Muhammadan Ottomans still advance aided by Eastern Christian division
1365 Eastern Roman Empire reduced to the city of New Rome until sack
1376 Seige of New Rome again saved by Theotokos
1383 Death of Eastern Roman John VI Kantakouzenos who collaborates with Muhammadans
-Married his daughter to Osman, founder of Ottoman Empire
-Invited Muh to destroy his rivals in dynastic dispute
1390-1402 Muhammadan blockade at New Rome
1391 Dialogue of Emperor Manuel II Paleologus with a Muhammadan
1411 Siege of New Rome again saved by the Theotokos
1422 Siege of New Rome again – same result
1425 Death of Eastern Roman Emperor Manuel II who failed to rose new crusade against Muhammadans
1431-1449 Council of Florence unites Greek and Latin Church but many Greeks oppose it and Latins are indifferent
-Greek dispute begins between unionists and anti-unionists
1453 May 22nd Fall of New Rome – a great light shows during final mass and then vanishes into the heavens in addition to a lunar eclipse
-Defense of New Rome fails for lack of men from the west (and money to buy special canons) and charity from the East, as many Greeks oppose union as before.
-Mehmet II sacks the city, kills Catholic emperor, Catholic Patriarch is forced out and Sholarios usurps the Patriarchate in exchange for money and power from Mehmet II
-Beginning of Phanar Greek Orthodox power and beginning of schism with Russia Third Rome
Muhammadans leave New Rome and advance on the West
-Pope Callistus III institutes Midday prayers with Aves (later noon Angelus) and Mass against the Pagans
-St. John Capistrano launches crusade and gathers 8,000 against them
1456 Belgrade is saved from Muhammadans through Theotokos
-Feast of Transfiguration August 6 commemorates the battle
New crusade raised by Calixtus III, but Latin kings reluctant and opulent
1459 Greek anti-unionist gives up Athens to Muhammadans
Occupation of Serbia complete
1463 Bosnia taken by Muhammadans
1476 Muhammadan collaborator and balkan ruler Dracula is killed by his own men
Genoese provides Mehmet II with fleet to defeat Venetians, their rivals
1464 Pope Pius II, failing to rouse new crusade, goes on crusade himself and dies en route
Muhammadans make war on Venice while Florence helps Muhammadans
1492 Reconquista Complete – pilgrimage to our Lady at the Guadalupe Extremadura in thanksgiving
-Columbus discovers New World, Portugal and Spain crusade the world with the Gospel
1517 Muhammadan conquest of Egypt (end of Abbadid Khalifate)
-Luther begins Protestant revolt
1517-1924 Ottoman Turk Khalifate
1527 Battle of Mohacs – Hungary falls to Muhammadans, they continue advance into Europe
1529 1st Siege of Vienna saved again by Theotokos
1531 Our Lady of Guadalupe of the Americas revealed to St. Juan Diego
Don Juan makes pilgrimage to Guadalupe Extremadura
1552 Persian Church finally makes lasting reconciliation with Rome: Chaldean Catholic Church
1565 September 11th – Siege of Malta lifted
1568 Fatima parish founded
1571 Lepanto. Mexican Guadalupe image in flagship now rests in Genoa.
-Philip II goes to Guadalupe Extremadura to offer lantern of the Muhammadan flagship
1573 Muh treaty with Venice allows them to regroup
1648 End of thirty years wars weakens Austrians and all of Europe in the face of Muhammadan renewed advance
Muhammadans raise massive army of 300,000 to renew conquest
1680s New Holy League – Poland Lithuania, German princes and Venice
-Pope Innocent XI organizes Rosaries to be said by Christendom
1683 September 11th – 2nd Siege of Vienna fails through protection of Theotokos
-Holy Name of Mary commemorates the triumph of Muhammad’s
Russia joins Holy League
1697 September 11th – Battle of Zenta – Holy League defeats Muhammadans
-Hungary and much of Bulkans are retaken from Muhammadans
Ottoman Empire declines in power